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Neuroblastoma is one of the most common childhood cancers. Babies under 18 months often have tumors that can shrink on their own, while older children face more aggressive disease. This difference may be due to how the immune system works early in life. Infant T cells, the white blood cells that kill cancer, are more responsive and resist "exhaustion," a problem that limits current immunotherapies. Dr. Rowe and colleagues will study what makes infant T cells unique and use this knowledge to design improved, less toxic T-cell therapies for children with neuroblastoma and other hard-to-treat cancers. By discovering how early-life immunity naturally fights cancer, Dr. Rowe and colleagues will create safer treatments that cure more children and help survivors live long, healthy lives.